Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai is a deciduous shrub and an endemic plant of Korea, which is also considered an endangered (EN) species. The national distribution of the plant was analyzed in detail, and then the population structures were assessed based on the observed distribution patterns. In addition, the effects of vegetation and soil quality on population structure were determined. In total, 13 sub-populations of A. distichum were detected. The most stable population was located in Jincheon, Chungbuk. The species was mostly distributed at the understory of deciduous forests, while some distributions were observed in mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests. The observed areas consisted of young individuals only or mature individuals only, or a small number of mature individuals and a large number of young individuals. Most areas of distribution were in screes and steep slopes of riverbanks. Soil substrates were composed of approximately 50% gravel, with varying sizes. Complex factors including soil substrates, organic matter content, and vegetation structure influenced the population structures of different sizes of individuals observed in the areas of distribution of A. distichum. Additionally, population structure varied across different re-establishment periods. A re-assessment was conducted based on regional Red List category and criteria. Despite variations in the area of occurrence and population size, the endangered status (B2ab [iii]) of the species was maintained due to a reduction in habitat quality observed in the areas of distribution and the increased fragmentation across groups within sub-populations. Consequently, conservation management plans considering the species traits of each sub-population should be formulated and implemented.